MEDIEVAL ERA

Allan bin Hassun, A Jewish merchant from Cairo
1. Courtesy University of Pennsylvania Libraries
2. Courtesy Tour Egypt

Al-Idrisi Map of the World, Arabian Peninsula
Public domain

Angkor Wat, Cambodia
1-2. Public domain, photographer unknown
3. Courtesy of China Daily

Arab Dhow
1-2. Courtesy of John Owens
3. Courtesy of Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

Astrolabe
1. © Museum of the History of Science, London
2. © Museum of the History of Science, London
3. © National Maritime Museum, London

Austronesian Ships to Oceania
1. Courtesy of Adrian Horridge, “The Austronesians Conquest of the Sea – Upwind”, The Austronesians, 1995.
2. © Seven Oceans Video

Bananas
1. © Harold Bakker, University of Professional Education, Utrecht, the Netherlands
2. Courtesy of Watson, Andrew. Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world, New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1983.

Batik
1-2. Courtesy of Living in India: A Site for Expatriates

Belitung Shipwreck
1-4. © Maritime Explorations, Singapore

Block Printed Indian Cotton to Egypt, 12th Century
1. © University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum

Blue-and-White Porcelain
Public domain

The Book of India by Al-Biruni
1. Henry Davis Consulting, Ash Fork, AZ
2. Courtesy of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland

Borobudur
1. © ATMann, 2007
2. Courtesy of UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Calicut
1. Braun and Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572
2. Public domain

Chinese Junk, Song Dynasty, 1271 CE
1. © Tycoon Systems Inc.
2-3. Vancouver Maritime Museum, British Columbia, Canada

Chittagong
Courtesy of San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), Horace Mann Academic Middle School

Cirebon Shipwreck
1-2. Courtesy of Yvonne Tan, Asian Art Newspaper, May 2007
3. Public domain

Cloves
1. Courtesy of Mountview Homestay, Kerala, India
2. © Jugalbandi.info

Cobalt Dish from Basra, Iraq
© The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Coir - Coconut Rope
1-2. Courtesy of Joseph E. Armstrong, Illinois State University, Normal, IL

Cyclones
1. Courtesy of Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL
2. Public domain

Fa Hsien, Buddhist Traveler
1. Fa-hsien image on book cover, Fa-hsien: A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms
2. Original Map by James Legge, Fa-hsien: A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, 1886, Courtesy of The University of
Adelaide, Australia 

Gil Eanes, Explorer
Courtesy of Pat Seed, Rice University, Houston, TX

Giraffe of Treasure Ships
Public domain, Original author Shen Du, 1414

Great Zimbabwe
1. Courtesy of Exploring Africa, Michigan State University, East Lansing
2. Courtesy of DK Images, London
3. © Galerie Ezakwantu

Guangzho (Canton), Port on S. China Sea, Sin-Kalan
1-3. © China Heritage Project, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), The Australian National
University, Canberra

Gum Arabic
© Saudi Aramco World, Houston, TX

Gunpowder
Original artist, Moko Shurai Ekotoba, circa 1293, public domain

Huaisheng Mosque, Guangzhou, China
1-2. Photographers: Cherie Wendelken and You Huan Zhu, courtesy of Archnet

The History by Al-Ya'qubi
Courtesy of Hamed A. Ead, Cairo University, Egypt

Ibn Battuta in East Africa
Courtesy of San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), Horace Mann Academic Middle School

Ibn Battuta in Morocco
Courtesy of San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), Horace Mann Academic Middle School

Ibn Battuta in the Arabian Sea
Courtesy of San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), Horace Mann Academic Middle School

Ibn Battuta in the Maldives
1. Courtesy of NASA
2. Public domain

Ibn Battuta on Chinese Ships
Public domain

Ibn Battuta on the Malabar Coast
1. Courtesy of Frances Pritchett, Columbia University
2. Courtesy of Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Le livres des Merveilles de Marco Polo

Incense Burner of Arabia
Public domain, photographer unknown

Indian Numerals to Arabic Numerals
1. Courtesy of Thakur Naveen Kotwall
2. Courtesy of John Esposito, original from Khawarizmi, Algebra

Indigo Dye Cakes
1. © Aurora Silk, Portland, OR
2. Courtesy of BBC, London

Island of Zanzibar
Courtesy of the Perry-Castañeda Library, The University of Texas at Austin

Ivory
1. Courtesy of BBC, London
2. © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Kadakkarapally Boat
1-2. Courtesy of Ralph K. Pederson

Kaolin Clay
1. © Tradeholding Inc.,
2. © FutuVision Media Ltd., Radio 86, London

Kedah, Bujang Valley Site
1-2. Public domain

Kilwa
Courtesy of Adriene Jenik and Hung Tu

Lateen Sail
1. Public domain, source unknown
2. © Marion Kaplan

Longitude and Latitude
Courtesy of Frances Pritchett, Columbia University

Madagascar
© Saudi Aramco World, Houston, TX

Magnetic Compass
Courtesy of Susan Silverman AC

Mangrove Poles
1. Public domain
2. Courtesy of Caterina Cotini
3. Courtesy of ML Allen-Crosby

Marco Polo
1. Courtesy of Regional Alliance for Information Networking (RAIN)
2. Courtesy of Barry Gutwein

Medieval Candy Recipe with Cane Sugar
Courtesy of Vital 1926 NV

Ming Voyages Stone Stele
Courtesy of Jeffrey Pilcher, University of Minnesota

Nutmeg and Mace
1. Public domain
2. © California Rare Fruit Growers

Origin of the Teapot
1. © Jonathon Stanley
2. © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
3. © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Papal Bull of 1454, Issued by Pope Nicholas V to Henry the Navigator

Paper
1. © The Curators of the University of Missouri

Pepper
1. Courtesy of Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Le livres des Merveilles de Marco Polo
2. Courtesy of Snark/Art Resource

Pilot Chart, Sulaiman ibn Ahmad al-Mahri (ca. 917 CE)

Polynesian Stick Maps
© Courtesy of ELEFA Handicrafts

Porcelain on Bagamoyo Pillar Tomb, Tanzania
Courtesy of Nader

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
© National Museum of Ancient Art, Lisbon

Quran - Surat al Quraysh
1. Courtesy of Nasser Rabbat, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Quran, Verses on Ships and Sailing
Courtesy of Humsafar.info

Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela
© The Itinerary of Benjamin Tudela, Translated by Marcus Nathan Adler, 1907

Rhino Horn
1. Courtesy of the Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
2. Courtesy of the Houston Zoo

Siraf, Home of Pearl Divers
1. Courtesy of Bibliothèque nationale de France from The Catalan Atlas, 14th Century
2. © Cultural Heritage News (CHN) Photo Agency

Sofala
Braun and Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572

Sohar
1-2. Courtesy of UNESCO World Heritage Centre

South China Sea
© Encarta

Sri Vijaya Kingdom
Courtesy of Gutawan Kartapranata

The Stern Rudder for Steering Ships
1. Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Köln, Germany
2. Source Unknown
3. © Jenssen from Optusnet.com.au

The Strait of Malacca
© Courtesy of CIA FactBook

Tea
Courtesy of Jason Fasi

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
1-2. Courtesy of the Museu de Marinha (Maritime Museum), Lisbon, Portugal
3. © Matt Rosenberg and About.com

Wooden Ceiling of the Kaaba in Makkah
1-2. Courtesy of Hajjguide.org

Wootz Steel
1. Courtesy of Motoyasu Sword Forum Magazine
2. © Musèe du Louvre, Paris

Xian, Chinese Stele of 781
1. Frits Holm/Paul Caris, Ed.: The Nestorian Monument, 1909/Courtesy Daniel Waugh, Silk
Road Seattle.
2. Courtesy of ChinaTravelDepot.com

Yemeni Ikat Shawl
1. © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
2. Courtesy of the University of Melbourne Special Collections, Australia

Zheng He, First Expedition (1405-1407)
1. Courtesy of China.org.cn
2. Photographer: Lars Ploughman, on display at China Court of the Ibn Battuta Mall in Dubai, UAE

Zheng He (Third and Fourth Ming Expeditions)
1. © Cheng Ho Cultural Museum, Malacca, Malaysia
2. Braun and Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572

Zheng He (Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Ming Expeditions)
1. © W.W. Norton and Co.
2. © China Heritage Project, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), The Australian National
University, Canberra